As it seems that recently there is been more people thinking about building up a greater list of anime they've watched or started to try watching anime. A lot of anime, mainly slice of life and comedy series will include terminology that is not often known about until you either know Japanese or you've seen a wide amount of anime. Other big anime fanatics will use these terminology quite frequently as well.

Genres
Shonen - Basically a series that follows a male protagonist that goes on an adventure and often uses some kind of combat plot. Example:

Shoujo - A series that follows a female protagonist and the main plot is often romance and/or drama. Example:

Ecchi - A series that contains sexual innuendos. These series are typically aimed at younger viewers (around 17). Example:

Harem - A series that focuses around a single male protagonist that is often surrounded by multiple female characters.

Yaoi - A romantic relationship between male characters. Example:

Yuri - A romanantic relationship between two female characters. Example:

Seinen - Similar in aspects to Shonen, but it aims for a more maturer audience and tend to have more violence, sexuality and/or psychology then most Shonen series. Example:

Josei - A series that is aim towards older female audience. Unlike the idealistic shoujo series, Josei series displays more realistic interpretation on romance. Example:


Characterization
Loli - A character that is and/or appears to be someone of a very young age. Example:

Lolicon - A character that has a complexity for Lolis, as in someone who has an attraction to girls who appears very young. Often mixed up in American terms as a *********. Example: N/A


Brocon/Siscon - A character who has an attraction to his/her brother/sister. Example:

Traps - Often male characters who does not appeal male at all and has a female appearance. Example:

Tsundere - A character who appears cold and hostile, but once another character gets close to it, they will often act way more nicely. Example:

Yandere - A character that acts nice and mannerful, but becomes overly attach and extremely violent when threaten to lose her love. Example:

Kuudere - A character with no emotions, but slowly shows them the closer they get to another character. Example:

Dandere - Similar to a Kuudere, but instead of being precieved as emotionless, they are generally shy until they get closer to another character. Example:


Anime Fanatic Slangs
OTP - One true pairing, two characters that in the fan's eyes are the best couple in the series.
Shipping - when anime fans decide to have two characters that are not in a relation to become a pair in their mind.
NTR - When a male character has his female character taken away by another charcter.
Death Flag - An event that foreshadows the death of a character.
NND - More commonly known as Nico Nico Douga, a video streaming ite like Youtube, but majority uses it for music related videos.
Fanservice - Often erotic scenes that is used to please the viewers.

Common Japanese Terms
Kawaii - Cute
Baka - Someone who lacks intellect, also known as being dumb or an idiot.
Senpai - Someone of higher seniority
Sensei - Teacher
Onee-chan/san/sama - Older Sister
Onii-chan/san/sama - Older Brother
Imouto - Younger Sister
Seiyuu - Voice Actor/Actress
Otaku - A person who has an obsession for Anime, Manga and/or Japanese Light Novels. Often frown upon in Japan, but is mistaken as something positive in the west.

Others
Vocaloid - Computer synthesized singing. Basically singers which voices are computer generated. Very popular in Japan. Example:

AMV - Anime Music Video, music videos that uses clips from one or more anime series, edited together to go along with the song chosen, more commonly uses western songs. Example:

MAD - Similar to AMV, MAD does not stand for anything, it was named after the creator. Unlike AMV, MAD does not uses western song, instead they use Japanese songs. Basically the AMV of Japan.

Cosplay - Short for Costume Play, it is to dress up as a character and act out like the character. Example:

Eroge - Erotic games. Games that are 18+ (not because it has extreme violent) That's all you need to know, no examples for you.



These are all that I can think off in the time I wrote this. Feel free to add some more or correct me on some terminology, since I am not a complete expert on this.